Flotte’s Notes on

Mobile, Alabama

An Unofficial Encyclopaedia of Mobile & Baldwin Counties

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Mobile-Baldwin Bibliography

 

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Demographics

Government

Education

 

 

Mobile Demographics

 

·         As of July 2007, the City of Mobile had a population of 191,411

o   That figure represents a loss of more than 7,400 since 2000. Mayor Sam Jones said the loss was due to movement into Mobile and Baldwin counties.

o   Mobile gained an estimated 1,435 residents annexation in 2007, which would show an increase to 192,846.

o   Baldwin County has grown by more than 30,000 residents since 2000, according the U.S. Census Bureau. From 2000 to 2007, Baldwin led the nation in growth among micropolitan statistical areas.

o   Recent numbers indicate that boom may be slowing, with Baldwin's population increasing only 3,500 from 2006 to 2007. Its population is 171,769, as of July 1, 2007, according to a census estimate.

o   Mobile County has seen modest population gains since 2000, from 399,843 to 404,486.

·         As of the 2005 the Mobile metropolitan statistical area (MSA) had a population of approximately 401,427, and the Mobile-Baldwin combined statistical area (CSA) a population of 564,013. It is the 70th largest MSA in the nation

o   The Mobile MSA population grew by 13.3% between 1990 and 2000.

o   From 2000 to 2006, Mobile County's population increased by 1.1 percent and Baldwin's increased by 20.5 percent.

·         The racial makeup of the city is 50% White, 46% Black, 1.5% Asian, and 1.4% Hispanic.

·         The median age is 34 years.

·         For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 83 males.

·         The median income for a household in the city is $31,445, and the median income for a family is $39,752. The per capita income is $18,072.

·         21% of the population is below the poverty line

·         Mobile’s cost of living is one of the 10 lowest out of the 80 largest metro areas in the U.S., according to ACCRA’s Cost of Living Index.

    

 

 

 

 

 


Mobile Government

 

·         The elected government of Mobile consists of a Mayor and a seven member City Council, which in theory operate on a weak Mayor/strong Council format.

·         Municipal Elections are held every 4 years, and are non-partisan. The last elections were held on September 13, 2005.

·         The city of Mobile has a 4% general sales tax and Mobile County has a 1% tax in addition to the 4% state sales tax.

·         Mobile City Council District Map

·         City of Mobile Website

·         Executive Staff

·         City Of Mobile Organizational Chart

·         City Council Meetings Schedule, Minutes, Agenda

·         Mobile 311

o   Mobile 311 is a catch-all phone number for residents to call when they want city service of some kind, and CitiSmart is a program that tracks those requests and other functions of local government. Both were instituted by Mayor Sam Jones. Every situation that's complained about must be inspected within 72 hours.

 

Mayor: Sam Jones (2005-present)

City Council District 1: Fred Richardson (1997-present) (Vice-President)

City Council District 2: William Carroll William Carroll (2005-present)

City Council District 3: Clinton Johnson (1985-present)

City Council District 4: John Williams (2007-present)

City Council District 5: Reggie Copeland (1985-present) (President 2001-)

City Council District 6: Connie Hudson (2001-present)

City Council District 7: Gina Gregory (2005-present)

·         Councilman Fred Richardson created a controversy when he wrote a letter on city stationary asking the school board to reinstate a Murphy High student who had been expelled for videoing the assault of a Murphy teacher

Budget

·         Revenues stagnated from 1999 through 2003.  - Jeff Amy, PR 6/13/2007

·         Mayor Sam Jones’ top staffers are warning that slower revenue growth and obligations to pay industrial development subsidies signal that city spending could tighten in 2007-08.

·         This year, city collections are about 2.6 percent ahead of budget. But sales taxes, the top revenue source, are running 5.8 percent or $3.2 million below projections. City business license revenue is more than making up for lagging sales taxes at $3.2 million ahead of projections. Business owners pay license tax based on their revenue, and big revenues for local businesses last year meant big license tax collections this year. That raises the possibility that license collections, the city's second-largest source of revenue, will level off or decrease next year, just as sales taxes have done this year. Through the end of April, the city had spent or pledged $110.6 million from its general fund, almost $5 million below what it had budgeted to spend so far. City operations that are separate from the general fund also were further ahead financially than projected.

·         The city has promised $2 million a year for five years to Northrop Grumman and EADS if they build a military tanker airplane assembly plant at Brookley Field.

·         The city plans to sell bonds to pay for the $33.5 million it has promised to ThyssenKrupp AG. – PR 5/27/07

o   Figures released by the city of Mobile show that increased sales taxes alone may not cover bond payments on the $33.5 million. Assuming an interest rate the same of 4.8 percent when the city borrowed money last year, it would cost $52.2 million to pay off $33.5 million in bond debt over 20 years. Repayments could cost more than $2.5 million a year. 

o   Mobile Mayor Sam Jones wrote to the City Council that the plant would create an additional $50.2 million in city sales tax revenue over 20 years, citing numbers from the Alabama Development Office, $2 million less than the cost of the debt.

o   Originally, the state asked the city to chip in $10 million, and that was raised to $20 million weeks before the announcement. Connie Hudson said Gov. Bob Riley asked the city to increase its contribution from $20 million to $33.5 million at a meeting four days before the announcement.

·         In 2006, a $650,000 mid-year increase for the Wave bus system was controversial. Jones is likely to ask the council to replace current manager First Transit with a new private management company, McDonald Transit.

·         The City Council passed a $242 million budget for FY 2008

·         Moody's recently increased the city's credit rating from A2 to A1, and Standard & Poor's increased its rating from A+ to A-. The ratings are for both the city's current $185 million debt and the $56 million bond issue the city plans to to finance its contribution to the ThyssenKrupp AG steel mill.

o   Both agencies cited the city's growing reserve fund, which has about $18 million -- or about 10 percent of the city's annual budget -- in it. City Finance Director Barbara Malkove said the city wants to increase the reserve to have about 17 percent of the budget, or enough to run the government for two months if disaster strikes and revenue disappears.

·         Mobile will issue $97 million in bonds to refinance $80 million of existing debt and pay $13 million for new projects, such as renovations to Ladd-Peebles Stadium and the Alabama Cruise Terminal. – PR 7/19/08

o   City bond adviser Louis Cardinal said he wanted to price the bonds because he believes the city can get the best deal in interest rates now because of a turbulent stock market and a dearth of other Alabama bond issues. Mayor Sam Jones also said he wanted to sell the bonds before Aug. 1, when Jefferson County was expected to make an announcement on its debt problems.

 

  

 

Mobile Annexation

·         Efforts to expand the city west of Cody Road have failed repeatedly over the last 20 years

o   Voters in an area north of Airport, which included Mobile Terrace, rejected annexation by one vote in 2002. Voters in an area south of Airport that straddled Grelot Road rejected annexation by 48 votes. Voters in various areas west of Cody Road had also rejected coming into the city in 1992 and 1993. A vote to incorporate a city of West Mobile in 2003 also failed.

o   Mayor Sam Jones' attempt in 2007 to have the Mobile Regional Airport brought into the city limits by state legislative action also failed. The two Mobile County commissioners opposed Jones' effort.

·         There were four elections in September 2007 for annexation in an area roughly bounded by Zeigler Boulevard, Cody Road, Hitt Road and just west of Schillinger Road. – PR 8/9/07, 9/18/07

o   Voters in Section “A”, Mobile Terrace and surrounding areas, voted "yes" to joining the city of Mobile by 29 votes, bringing in tax-rich commercial areas along Schillinger Road and Airport Boulevard. Areas B, C, and D voted no by a 9-to-1 margin.

o   Opponents, organized as the Committee of Citizens Against Annexation, said they thought the overall margin 61.7 percent of voters in the four areas combined voted against joining the city -- showed that people west of Cody Road reject city taxes and regulations.

o   Annexation supporters formed the Mobile Area Citizens PAC. MACPAC Host Committee

o   The city will use a law that offers at least five years without city property taxes to those who annex in, and would reduce business license taxes during that period.

o   City sales tax will increase immediately from 7.5 to 9 percent. Based on 2006 numbers, the city projected that it would collect another $10.1 million in sales tax revenue from the area each year.

o   Newly annexed property owners will begin paying, with no five-year delay, a school property tax that is assessed in Mobile and Prichard. Those taxes would add $80 to the bill of a house assessed at $100,000. Jones said the benefits of garbage collection, as well as every-other-week collection of curbside trash, would more than offset the additional cost of city property taxes when they kick in.

o   Mobile County Circuit Judge Rick Stout dismissed a lawsuit by the the Committee of Citizens Against Annexation over alleged voting irregularities and claims that the city’s annexation lines creating unincorporated islands were illegal. The plaintiffs appealed and are waiting to see if Alabama Supreme Court justices will hear the case. – PR 9/29/07,11/3/07, 8/24/08

o   Annexation Voting Map

o   Mobile subsequently annexed the Mobile Regional Airport at the request of the Airport Authority. Because the authority owns the property, the City Council approved the request without an election. The annexation became possible when section A voted to enter the city, making the city limits touch airport property. Purchases made on airport property would be subject to 9 percent sales tax, instead of the current 7.5 percent. Tax rates on car rentals rose by 2.75 percent – PR 1/30/08

o   The annexation pushes the city's 5-mile planning jurisdiction as far west as Newman Road and Airport Boulevard, as well as taking in a sliver of territory west of Big Creek Lake to within about five miles of the Mississippi state line.

·         Mobile Mayor Sam Jones announced plans to set up early October 2008 annexation votes in four areas: a section of Theodore and Tillman's Corner, a subdivision and commercial stretch along Moffett Road, two subdivisions along Snow Road, and the Windmill Place subdivision just west of Cody Road. – PR 8/16/08

o   The Moffett Road annexation area, which includes the area Wal-Mart, is angering some in Semmes, where several people have been working to incorporate the community.

o   In order to hold an incorporation vote, residents must gather the signatures of 15 percent of voters in the proposed area and owners of 60 percent of the land. The petition also must include four voters living on every 40 acres in the city. The petition must be submitted to the Mobile County probate judge, who would then set a date for a referendum.

o   The annexation areas were also criticized by Mobile County Commissioners Stephen Nodine and Mike Dean.

o   Mobile Proposed Annexation Map 8/08

 

Mobile Housing Board

·         Mobile Housing Board Website

·         Incorporated in 1937, the Mobile Housing Board (MHB) has a five member governing Board of Commissioners who are appointed to five year terms by the Mayor.

·         The majority of funding for the MHB is provided by the federal government though the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).

·         Through the traditional Public Housing and Section 8 Housing Programs they provide housing or housing assistance to over 7,000 families.

·         Renovations include a HOPE VI grant to establish an assisted living facility at our Central Plaza Towers Development.

·         The Mobile Housing Board works in collaboration with the City of Mobile to administer the Community Development Block Grant program.

Mobile Homeless

·         Mobile and Baldwin counties on average have a homeless population of 621.

·         15 Place at the corner of N. Joachim and St. Francis streets care for the homeless during the day. The facility first opened in 2000 with an effort by the Homeless Coalition backed by then-Mayor Mike Dow who signed on to the Plan to End Chronic Homelessness. Seven agencies collaborated to form 15 Place. – Kevin Lee, Lagniappe, 5/6/08

 

 

Transportation

·         Wave Transit System

o   Wave Transit System Map

o   Wave Transit System Video 

·         Baylinc is a cross-bay bus service Mondays through Fridays that includes several stops along the Eastern Shore, then two stops each morning and afternoon at Mobile's Bienville Square..

 

 

Mobile Education

Mobile Education History

·         Before 1826 several private schools were operating in Mobile

·         1826 The first public school system in Alabama was established in Mobile. The Alabama Legislature enacted a bill drafted by Mobile’s representative, Willoughby Barton, establishing a board of Mobile School Commissioners.

·         1836 Barton Academy is constructed on Government Street as a public free school. The construction was funded by private donations, a city loan, a state-approved lottery, and the school commissioners’ fund and loans. Financial problems forced the school to close several years later and funds were channeled into church schools.

·         1838 A Catholic orphanage and two Catholic schools, one for boys and one for girls, are established. By 1844, Catholic schools are providing instruction to 90 orphans in addition to 60 girls and 40 boys.

·         1842 Methodists, in cooperation with the Unitarians, opened the first Protestant free school in Mobile, Methodist Free School.  This is followed by the Presbyterian Bethel School and Episcopal schools

·         1846 The Alabama Legislature passed legislation permitting taxpayers to redirect their school taxes to the church schools

·         1853 Alabama enacts anti-Catholic legislation directed at the Mobile County school system which prohibits the diversion of Mobile County public school funds to any school “that is not strictly common to all children of the county, or to any that is under sectarian influence or control.”

·         Sources: Amicus curiae, Locke v. Davey (2003)

 

Mobile County Public School System

·         Public schools in Mobile are operated by the Mobile County Public School System.

o   Mobile County School Board Members

·         The Mobile County Public School System moved out of Barton Academy into the former QMS campus off Schillinger Road

·         In 2001, MCPSS was so troubled that it was scheduled to be taken over by the state. Voters hadn’t approved new funding for the district in 41 years. Business leaders joined civic leaders to push for a new property tax to fund the schools: 10,000 people turned out to rally before the vote and the funding passed. - “Good Schools Can Happen,” Parade Magazine, 8/27/06

·         Saraland voted in 2006 to break off from the Mobile County Public School System, the first city in the system to ever do so.

·         Roy Nichols became superintendent of the Mobile County school system in 2008. He was a 63-year-old professor at the University of West Georgia. – PR 9/22/07

o   The School Board voted not to renew Superintendent Harold Dodge’s contract in 2007.

·         Mobile County schools began random drug testing for students in 2007. Students who participate in extra-curricular activities will be placed in a pool with students who drive to school and with students whose parents volunteer them for testing. An estimated 10 percent of the students from that pool will be asked to submit urine tests each year.

 

·         The Mobile Area Education Foundation was founded in 1992 by Carolyn Akers as "Mobile 2000".

o   The Partner in Education Program in Mobile County links over 1,000 businesses, organizations, churches and individuals, who make an annual impact of over $2.3 million to our schools in Mobile County.

 

MCPSS Performance

·         High School Graduation Rates

·         According to the Alabama Department of Education the 2008 graduation rate at all 13 Mobile County high schools is 87 percent, up from 84 percent the year before. But Voices for Alabama's Children in Montgomery, which uses a nationally recognized formula similar to what the state education department will use next year, places the countywide average at 59 percent. – PR 10/20/08

o   For the past couple of years, Alabama has used its own formula to calculate graduation rates, resulting in a state average this year of 83 percent. But beginning next year, Alabama and many other states will move to a formula adopted by the National Governors Association, meaning the rates will drop as much as 30 percentage points. That formula takes the number of students graduating and divides that figure by the number of ninth-graders that entered that school four years before. Schools will not get credit for students who graduate in five years or who leave and get a GED.

o   Five of Mobile County's 13 high schools — Baker, Blount, Bryant, LeFlore and Murphy — did not meet state standards in 2008 because of low graduation rates. The formula currently used by the Alabama Department of Education puts those five schools' graduation rates at between 74 and 88 percent. The schools that did not meet state standards because of graduation rate were not necessarily the schools with the lowest rates.  B.C. Rain had the second-lowest rate in the county at 77 percent, but it met the standard because it did not drop. Baker, Bryant, LeFlore and Murphy had rates about 10 percentage points higher than Rain's, but did not meet the standard because their numbers went down. The federal No Child Left Behind Act requires schools to have a graduation rate of at least 90 percent or show improvement from the previous year to be in compliance.

·         In 2008 nine Mobile County schools did not meet state standards, including six high schools (Baker, Blount, Bryant, LeFlore, Murphy and Williamson) and 3 elementary schools (Hamilton, Orchard and Will). In 2008, for the first time, all 21 of the system's middle schools met academic standards, known as AYP or Adequate Yearly Progress.

o   Prichard's Blount High School performed among the lowest in the state, as students' overall reading scores on the Alabama High School Graduation Exam were low.

o   Mobile County public schools not meeting state standards had risen from 12 in 2006 to 21 in 2007.

·         Four Mobile County public schools must give students an opportunity to transfer to better-performing schools under the federal No Child Left Behind Act: Chastang, Denton and Mae Eanes middle schools and Gilliard Elementary. That's down from eight last year. Two years ago, 22, or nearly one-fourth, of Mobile County's schools had to offer transfers. Although all four met state academic and attendance standards for 2008, they will have to do so again in 2009 to lift the transfer designation.

·         Mobile County outperforms the state's other large school systems when it comes to how black and white students, as well as poverty and non-poverty students, perform on standardized tests, according to a new study by The Public Affairs Research Council of Alabama, based on the 2007 Alabama Reading and Mathematics Test. – PR 1/27/08

o   Mobile only graduates about 63 percent of its students, compared with the state average of 69 percent. The study compared the numbers of students enrolled (in 1995) in the first grade versus the numbers graduating last year, which does not account for population inflow.– PR 1/27/08

o   Mobile County public school students earned an average ACT score of 19 out of 36. The state average was 20. Baldwin County public school students averaged a 21. or outflow.– PR 1/27/08

o   The Alabama Department of Education uses a method approved by most other states in accordance with the No Child Left Behind Act, which gives Alabama schools credit for graduating 82 percent of their students. Other studies have placed Alabama's graduation rate in the 50 to 60 percent range.  – PR 1/27/08

·         George Hall Elementary in Mobile's Maysville area has captured a prestigious award from the National Principals Leadership Institute in New York City.

·         The three high schools that did not meet standards had graduation rates as follows: B.C. Rain off Dauphin Island Parkway, 77 percent; Vigor in Prichard, 73 percent; and Williamson, near Mobile's Maysville community, 72 percent.

·         Mae Eanes Middle School, near Mobile's Maysville community, had the longest running streak in Alabama for not having met standards at eight years, until it met standards in 2008. The school has been restaffed several times over the years. Officials at Mae Eanes said they saw an escalation in fights during 2005-06 when students from various public housing communities moved into the Mae Eanes zone as a result of housing renovations. The school has been taken over by the state twice in recent years. It was one of Mobile County's five troubled schools to begin the transformation schools program in 2004 that received national media attention. The entire school was restaffed with teachers who receive cash bonuses as standardized test scores improve.

 

MCPSS Finances

·         The system's budget is $712 million.

·         Mobile County Public School System approved $35 million in budget cuts, which includes the elimination of hundreds of teaching and other positions. The school system has sent letters to about 1,200 employees telling them that they are being transferred or fired. Officials said they hope to hire about half of them back.

o   Board member Fleet Belle said he is concerned that the cuts didn't reach high enough.  Absent from the list were any of the recently added $100,000-plus salaried assistant superintendents. Nichols said he plans to cut the number of assistant superintendent spots from twelve to ten. – PR 5/6/08

·         Officials said the school system has been overspending for several years and that the system has dipped too far into its state-required savings account to stay afloat. That account is supposed to have about $40 million. Instead, it will have about $7 million by the end of the fiscal year. School officials are also expecting about $17 million worth of cuts from the state budget.

·         In 2008, the Mobile County School board required a session in which they were instructed on the basics of reading financial statements.

·          Salaries of administrators in Mobile County public schools central offices have more than doubled from $5.3 million in 2004 to a projected $11.1 million in 2008. During that time, the number of those positions rose from 93 to 165 while student enrollment dropped from 65,037 to 64,335. Dodge said the system spends about 4 percent of its annual budget on administrative costs, which he said is about 4 percentage points lower than other districts.  – PR 12/23/07

·         The school system owns 22,000 acres of "16th Section" land. – PR 4/7/08

o   In the early 1800s, the state gave all county school systems every 16th section of land. Mobile County, which still has about 35 of those parcels, is one of the few systems in the state that has held onto the bulk of its land.

o   The system makes about $4 million a year off the land by selling timber and granting leases for hunting, according to school officials. Mobile County schools Superintendent Roy Nichols said the system is looking at possibly doubling the amount of timber cut, which would total about $1.4 million next year. He said the school system has never had a habit of selling its land, and he doesn't plan to start doing that now.

o   Mobile Area Education Foundation director Carolyn Akers has suggested that the School System sell off some land or find other sources of revenue rather than make teacher cuts as a result of the upcoming budget shortfall.

o   State law prohibits the system from selling the historic Barton Academy, which until 2007 housed central offices. However, that it might be able to sell the Russell building off Broad Street for up to $700,000.

·         Wade Perry, a director of the local Alabama Education Association teachers union, has asked the school board to reduce the system's legal expenses, which total about $700,000 a year. – PR 4/7/08

 

Mobile County Public High Schools

·         Murphy High School was built in 1926 on 28 acres from the Carlen Estates, to relieve overcrowding at Barton Academy when World War I soldiers returned to complete their education. Mobile architect George B. Rogers designed seven Spanish Revival Style buildings to serve all of Mobile County's grades 9-11. First named Mobile High, the school's name was changed in 1928 to honor Samuel Silenus Murphy, a superintendent of public education for twenty-five years. It is Alabama’s largest public school.

·         Alabama School of Mathematics and Science opened in 1991 and is operated by The State of Alabama.

o   Alabama School of Mathematics and Science was ranked Alabama's ninth best school by Newsweek.

o   The school takes in about 300 students in grades 10 through 12 each year from across the state. The students live on campus and take college-level courses. – PR 5/22/08

o    ASMS Video

·         John L. LeFlore High School was founded in 1968 as Toulminville High School.

o   The Mobile County school board approved a plan to convert LeFlore High School into a magnet school specializing in pre-medicine and pre-law, beginning this August. Schools Superintendent Roy Nichols said this new curriculum will replace an "ill-conceived" plan to change the school into a college preparatory academy in 2006. – PR 6/2/08

·         Vigor High School in Prichard was given a “Bronze” listing in U.S. News and World Report's national list of high schools based on how well poor and minority students did on state tests and also on how well students do on Advanced Placement tests. Vigor did not meet state standards this year, and has been on and off the state's list of struggling schools for the last decade. But the school in recent years has implemented tutoring and remediation programs. Vigor was severely damaged during 2004's Hurricane Ivan and students spent a year in their rival school, the old Blount High School, while Vigor was renovated. The school's zone was redrawn, which resulted in a reduction of students from 1,400 to 800. The school added a math and science academy that's open to about 30 students a year countywide. Vigor's juniors scored four percentage points higher than the state average on both the reading and math portions of the Alabama High School Graduation Exam. – PR 5/22/08

·         Blount High School, which has about 1,000 students, moved to Lott Road in northwest Prichard in 2005. The old school temporarily housed students from Vigor High School until renovation work was completed at Vigor. The old Blount High School in Prichard will house an alternative school for the Phoenix Program run by the 100 Black Men of Mobile.

o   In 2006, eight Blount High School students, both girls and boys, were arrested for fighting at the Prichard campus. According to police, the fight appeared to be related to ongoing quarrels between students living in the Trinity Gardens and Crichton communities. – PR 6/18/08

·         Baker High School in West Mobile has 1,948 students.

·         B.C. Rain High School on Dauphin Island Parkway in South Mobile opened in 1963

·         Williamson High School in the Maysville Community in South Mobile first began as a small neighborhood school in 1916 housed in the Sons and Daughters of Honor Hall, with its first graduating class in 1959. It is named after former principle Lillie B. Williamson

·         Shaw High School Shaw High was closed in 2008 by the school board.

o   The school board voted in 2004 to rezone Shaw's students to Blount High in Prichard and to convert Shaw into a career-technical academy. But the system never came through with funds to establish the academy, so the school's numbers dwindled.

o   It cost the system more than $30,000 per student to keep Shaw open for 2007-2008, which saw 10 students graduate.

o   Nichols said he plans to come before the board soon with a plan for Shaw, which was built in the 1960s and once served more than 1,000 students. He said a committee is reviewing about a dozen possibilities for the school, including returning it to a regular high school with a zone; converting it into a magnet school; using it as an adult education school; or establishing a new vocational-technical school. – PR 5/13/08

·         Magnet Schools: Phillips Preparatory School, LeFlore Preparatory Academy, Dunbar School of the Creative and Performing Arts (grades 4-8), Clark School of Mathematics, Science and Technology; Chickasaw School of Mathematics, Science and Technology (K-3), Council Traditional School (K-5), Old Shell Road School of the Creative and Performing Arts (K-3)

Private and Parochial High Schools

·         McGill-Toolen Catholic High School came into existence in 1973 through the merger of McGill Institute for Boys (founded in 1896) and The original McGill Institute building, demolished in 1955.Bishop Toolen High School for Girls (founded in 1928). It has approximately 1100 students.

o   McGill Institute was founded in 1896 by Arthur and Felix McGill as a free school for boys. In 1928, the Brothers of the Sacred Heart took over the administration and continue to serve on the faculty today. The original McGill Institute building was located on Government Street and demolished in 1955. In 1952, the school moved to Old Shell Road, across the street from Bishop Toolen School for Girls.

o   The Bishop Toolen School for Girls was founded in 1928, by Bishop Thomas J. Toolen, and was administered by the Sisters of Loretto at the Foot of the Cross until it merged with McGill Institute

o   IN 2007 the school annouced it had raised $10.3 million to renovate the campus, including a new science building, and construction of a football stadium at the Archbishop Lipscomb Sports Complex.

o   The Archdiocese of Mobile also has 11 elementary schools and Mobile and Baldwin counties

·         UMS-Wright Preparatory School: University Military School and the Julius T. Wright School for Girls merged and became UMS-Wright in 1988. The Wright School was founded in 1960 with Caldwell Delaney as its first headmaster.

·         St. Paul’s Episcopal School

 

Colleges and Universities

·         2007 enrollment: University of South Alabama: 14,003; University of Mobile: 1,527; Spring Hill College: 1,488;

·         Spring Hill College was founded in 1830 by Bishop Michael Portier, and taken over by the Jesuits in 1847. It was the first Catholic college in the South and the fifth oldest Catholic college in the United States.

 

·         University of Mobile was founded as Mobile College in 1964.

 

The University of South Alabama

·         University of South Alabama

·         Fred Whiddon came to Mobile in 1960 with a vision to build a major university. He was the director of the University of Alabama's, two-year extension campus here at the time, and persuaded local leaders and legislators to create a four-year, degree-granting institution. The Legislature approved in 1963; a year later, the ribbon was cut. Whiddon personally signed for a $250,000 bank loan to help build the first building. He went to local high schools to recruit students, and worked long hours to attract top professors.

·         Whiddon, while criticized in later years for micro-managing, has overseen the expansion of the University of South Alabama to 12,000 students, three hospitals and extensive timberlands and natural gas reserves in assets. Whiddon retired in 1998.

·         In 1998, Gordon Moulton became the USA President. Under Moulton, enrollment has significantly increased. Moulton has demonstrated an ability to maintain a cohesive relationship with the Board of Trustees, the faculty and other top administrators that his predecessor, the late Frederick Whiddon, lacked toward the end of his tenure at USA.

·         The USA Foundation which manages the University's $318 million (2007) endowment has close to 50 percent of their investments in timberland.

o   In 1999, Don Langham and the late Jack Brunson applied their names to the somewhat unsuccessful lawsuit that sought to regain control of the assets of the USA Foundation. The suit eventually led to more cooperation between the board of trustees, the University's administration and the USA Foundation. Langham has been synonomous with the union movement in Mobile.

o   A large part of the USA Foundation's holdings comes from federal Medicaid funds received by the university hospitals for treating large numbers of poor patients. More than $135 million in such disproportionate share payments were transferred to the foundation by the university starting in 1989. Frederick Whiddon, USA's founding president, made the transfers as part of his dream of building a $1 billion endowment at the foundation. Displeasure with the transfers was one of the root causes that eventually led Mayer Mitchell and the other trustees to force Whiddon to resign in 1998. The loyalist board of the foundation created a managing director post for Whiddon, which he held until his May 2002 death. Since Whiddon left USA, the university and the foundation have been embroiled in a struggle over who should control the foundation's investment policies and direct its giving to USA. – PR 8/11/03

o   Since May 2000, the university has built a new $15.4 million endowment under the direct control of its board of trustees,

o   Tensions have eased between the managers of the Foundation, the University's administration and the University's faculty.

o   The USA Foundation acquired 529,000 acres of timber land from Kimberley-Clark in 1999. The USA Board of trustees was at odds with the Foundation, arguing that borrowing $300 million and putting up hard cash and others assets to cement the Kimberley-Clark deal would tie up too much of the Foundation's discretionary income in timber investment.

·         The editorial staff of The Vanguard ranked the 10 most powerful people at USA in April 2006: 1. Mayer Mitchell, entrepreneur and trustee. 2. Gordon Moulton, University of South Alabama President. 3. Sam Jones, Mayor of Mobile and trustee. 4. Don Langham, Union leader and trustee pro tem. 5. Wayne Davis, Vice President for Financial Affairs. 6. (tie). Dale Adams, Vice President for Student Affairs. 6. (tie) Steve Stokes, Physician and trustee. 8. Maxey Roberts, Managing Director of the USA Foundation. 9. Joe Gottfried, USA Athletics Director. 10. Patsy Covey, Vice President for Academic Affairs

·         USA Brookley Center - Map

 

Bishop State Community College

·         Bishop State has been scrutinized by the two-year system, state auditors, the U.S. Department of Education, the FBI and the Mobile County District Attorney's Office, which has charged 27 people with stealing more than $200,000 most of it financial aid. – PR 7/10/2007

·         The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools accrediting organization placed Bishop State on probation.

·         Three Bishop State employees and three people with family connections to those employees were charged stealing more than $75,000 in financial aid. The U.S. Department of Education put the 4,100-student college on "heightened cash monitoring" and demanded the return of $150,000 in federal aid. An outside firm was hired to overhaul the college's financial aid office.

·         An inquiry into the school by Alabama's two-year college system found violations of federal and state financial aid policies, with aid going to ineligible students and some recipients getting excess money. The inquiry also raised questions about academics at Bishop State, where some students were said to have received high grades and credit for little or no time on class work.

·         The most outrageous was the case of Pearlie Mae French, the 77-year-old, one-legged, multi-sport athlete. Bishop State records show that Ms. French was enrolled at various times from fall 2004 to the spring 2006 semester, and that she received financial aid. She was enrolled in varsity basketball, baseball and softball in the spring of 2006. This was news to her son, Anthony French Sr., who is certain that: a) his mother had one leg amputated because of diabetes, b) she died in March 2006 at the age of 77 and c) she never went to college.

·         The Bishop State Community College Foundation, which has been criticized in multiple two-year system reports and investigated by law enforcement, will be shut down. – PR 9/28/07

o   A report on Bishop State by the two-year system said then-college President Yvonne Kennedy operated the foundation under her "personal direction," against system officials' advice. The report also said the foundation maintained no accounting records, other than a checkbook, and was never audited.

o   Mobile County District Attorney John Tyson Jr. has said he is investigating how the foundation used a $94,000 legislative grant it received in 2003 from Kennedy, who represents parts of Mobile in the state House of Representatives. Delchamps said the foundation now has about $14,700 in assets.

·         Yvonne Kennedy served as president of the college from 1981 to 2007.

o    Yvonne Kennedy retired as President in 2007. She will remain at Bishop State Community College indefinitely after vacating the president's office to write a history of Bishop State. She will become "president emeritus," a designation giving her neither pay, according to Bradley Byrne, who has said that Kennedy requested the title. At retirement, Kennedy will be eligible to collect a lump sum of about $530,000 accumulated through the state's deferred retirement option program and approximately $7,600 in monthly pension.

·         A fired Bishop State Community College instructor, who documents show enrolled as a student in classes that he taught, must be returned to his job with back-pay, an arbitrator decided. Since the food service teacher, Henry Douglas, had already received a letter of reprimand from Bishop State for enrolling in the classes, the school's termination was an additional punishment for the same situation and therefore unfair, the arbitrator found. Bradley Byrne, chancellor of the Alabama Community College System, criticized the ruling, which he said was the result of the state's Fair Dismissal Act, teacher tenure protections and the Alabama Education Association. In February 2007, the Press-Register reported that documents showed Douglas enrolled as a student in at least seven classes he taught, receiving six grades of A and one B for those courses. Kennedy's successor as president, James Lowe, had decided rather than being suspended, Douglas and Packer should be fired.

 

 

Mobile Infrastucture

Port of Mobile

·         The Port of Mobile was the 10th largest in the United States in 2006, handling 59.8 million tons of cargo

o   It is the world's largest forest products terminal and first in nation for wood pulp export.

o   The Port of Alabama is served by 12 shipping lines.

o   The most frequent commodities transferring through are coal, aluminum, iron, steel, lumber, wood pulp and chemicals.

o   In March 2006, the main containership loading crane was struck by a ship, destroying it, costing the docks $4-6 million to replace.

o   The main harbor is capable of a 45-ft. draft and has a 1,000-ft. turning basin located on the Mobile River at Three Mile Creek.

o   72 percent of exports originating in the Birmingham area and 92 percent originating in Mobile went out through the Port of Mobile in 1999. But looking at containerized cargo, just 3.4 percent of the container units exported from Birmingham traveled via the Port of Mobile, while 17 percent of Mobile area containerized shipments took that route.

o   The Port of Mobile is in a virtual tie with the Port of Houston, second only to New Orleans, in handling shipping to Cuba. Lifting the trade embargo on Cuba could create 100,000 new jobs and $6 billion in increased exports for the United States, according to research by local economics professor Semoon Chang.

o   Mobile  River  width  may  cause  some  difficulty  for  berthing/turning  the  mega  cruise  ships  over  of  1,000  ft.  in  length,  thus  limiting  the  class  of  vessel  that  may  be  positioned  in  Mobile

Alabama State Docks

·         The Alabama State Docks are managed by the Alabama State Port Authority.

o   For the first two hundred years of its existence, the Port of Mobile did not have a central organization. A constitutional amendment was passed in 1922 and the State Docks Commission was established.

·         The Alabama Legislature authorized the building of the Alabama State Docks in 1923.

o   Until that time, the port was a mixture of private and city owned docks. Modernization was needed, and only the state had the necessary capital available to do the job.

·         The commission chose retired Alabama-native Major General William L. Sibert, recently retired from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers after completing the Pacific side of the Panama Canal, to build State Docks. In 1928, the official dedication of the State Docks was held.

o   Sibert took 548 acres of marsh with the original investment from the State of Alabama of $10 million. He built three huge piers on concrete piling, one of them strong enough to support 1,000 pounds per square foot. There were warehouse-flanked slips for berthing 22 ocean liners at a time. There was also a loading plant with a capacity of 600 tons an hour, a cold storage plant with room to ice 50 railroad cars simultaneously. Sibert transplanted three miles of mainline railroad track which were in his way, diverted a creek to make room for more ships.

·         The Alabama state docks saw record cargo volume in 2007, driven primarily by a 50 percent increase in container cargo and record coal shipments.  27 million tons of cargo, including 21 million tons of coal, passed through the port, up from 24.6 million tons in 2006.  

·         The Alabama State Docks is currently undergoing the largest expansion in its history by expanding its container processing and storage facility and increasing container storage at the docks by over 1,000%.

Alabama State Docks Facilities

·         The Choctaw Point Container Terminal is a $300 million ship, rail, truck and air transportation facility under construction that will create 1,700 permanent jobs.

o   Choctaw Point is a partnership between Alabama State Docks and Mobile Container Terminal LLC.

§  Mobile Container Terminal LLC is in turn owned by APM Terminals, an A.P Moller-Maersk Group subsidiary (80 percent), and Terminal Link, a division of CMA CGM (20 percent)

o   Phase I of the new terminal is on track to open in September 2008. Two $7.5 million container cranes arrived from China in March 2008.

o    Terminal officials have said that worldwide container volume is expected to double by 2017, causing carriers that traditionally use ports on the west and east coasts to turn to Gulf ports like Mobile, which may also be increased with the widening of the Panama Canal.

o    The 55-foot deep basin is planned on the Mobile River side of Choctaw Pass, and will require the destruction of the northwest corner of Little Sand Island. Alabama State Port Authority officials said the $23 million project is on hold for the time being, however, because the Port Authority does not have any money to pay for it. The project originally was approved as a federal construction project to be built and paid for by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, but funding for it was not included in the most recent federal budget. It will allow ships visiting the new container facility or the McDuffie Coal Terminal to turn around without traveling up the crowded upper harbor section of the Mobile River to the only existing turning basin, located near the Cochrane-Africatown USA Bridge. A new, much larger class of ships more than 900 feet long would be able to visit the Port of Mobile. The present turning basin is only large enough for ships up to 850 feet long. – PR 4/29/08

o   Zim Shipping Service, which connects the Far East to Mobile, and Atlantic Cargo Services, which serves northern Europe, are the only container haulers that regularly serve Mobile. That number should expand by five or six within a year of the opening of the new Mobile Container Terminal. Shipping through Mobile is currently about 10 percent more expensive than other available routes. The docks expects to move 77,000 or so containers through its current facility this year. That capacity will grow fivefold when the new terminal opens this fall. – PR 6/8/08

·         General cargo operations cover almost two miles of waterfront and include 27 berths. The newly paved 16-acre container yard is served by Docks operated, rail-mounted, 45-ton lift capacity Paceco crane.

·         The Mobile Middle Bay Port on 2000 acres at the entrance of Theodore Ship Channel, the old Navy Home Port, has been up for sale.  ExxonMobile withdrew an option to put a LNG terminal there. The Docks named the site Middle Bay Port when the state took control of it from the U.S. Navy in 1994.

·         Located on the turning basin of Theodore Ship Channel, the Marine Liquid Bulk Terminal was opened in 2000.

·         Coal and iron ore are the primary tonnage at the Bulk Material Handling Plant. Other bulk ores include coke, gypsum, and ilmenite. Ground storage capacity is nearly 1 million tons and covered storage space is available for more than 100,000 tons.

o   The Alabama State Port Authority will spend $4.5 million to expand its Bulk Material Handling Plant, allowing the Southern Company to transfer more coal from rail cars to barges. Southern Co. has agreed to a special fee on all the coal that the docks handles, with the money going to pay for the new railcar dump, in part because the state docks didn't have enough money in its own capital budget this year to cover the cost. The project will add 3 million tons of transfer capacity to the bulk plant, which is at the northern end of the main docks property on the Mobile River's west bank. The plant can currently move up to 5 million tons of material a year. Last year, it moved about 3 million. The docks can also load barges at the McDuffie Island coal terminal, but there is no spare capacity there. – PR 5/29/08

·         McDuffie Coal Terminal, on McDuffie Island, is the largest along the Gulf Coast, and the second largest in the United States with a through-put capacity of more than 20 million tons per year.

o   The Alabama State Port Authority approved more money for efforts to control the dust generated by McDuffie Coal Terminal, which has for years sparked complaints from downtown residents. McDuffie is about a mile from the Church Street East and Oakleigh neighborhoods. The state docks since 1999 has invested about $4 million in dust suppression at McDuffie and has budgeted $3 million in 2008. Authority tests have found the percentage of coal in the dust is less than 15 percent.  – PR 3/26/08

·         The Terminal Railway (TASD) provides switching services to industries located the Ports of Mobile and Chickasaw, the Brookley Complex, and the Port Authority’s wharves and terminals.  The Terminal Railway provides switching services to five Class 1 railroads at the Interchange Yard - Burlington Northern Santa Fe/Alabama & Gulf Coast Railroad, Canadian National, CSX, Kansas City Southern and the Norfolk Southern. The CG Railway Terminal is also served by the Terminal Railway.  The Terminal Railway operates eight locomotives on 75 miles of track and has a fleet of 246 50-foot boxcars.

·         The Port Authority is constructing a $115 million public Steel Terminal at Pinto Island that will load ThyssenKrupp's semi-finished steel slabs onto barges to be shipped up the Mobile and Tombigbee rivers to the mill. It is expected to come online in late 2009.

  

 

·         The city of Mobile owns about 20 acres along the Mobile River stretching from the north side of the Arthur R. Outlaw Convention Center south to Eslava Street, which houses the convention center, Cooper Riverside Park, the Alabama Cruise Terminal, and the future National Maritime Museum of the Gulf of Mexico

 

·         Mobile' Cruise Terminal was built in 2004 for $20 million by an affiliate of the Retirement Systems of Alabama – PR 10/3/07

o   The terminal was projected to lose money if the Holiday remained its only tenant, because of yearly debt payments of $1.72 million.

o   The terminal is free-standing entity, but the city must cover all losses. The city is also scheduled to make a $16 million balloon payment in 2017, at the end of the loan.

o   The city gets 60 percent of any profits, with RSA getting 40 percent. The city's share of profits increases to 75 percent if a second ship is recruited.

o   In 2006, the terminal brought in $58,000 more than it spent, thanks to $850,000 in homeland security grants and Hurricane Katrina reimbursements.

o   Civic leaders continue to look to Carnival Cruise Lines to substitute a larger ship for the Holiday, which began sailing from Mobile in 2004.  Mobile leaders expect Carnival to introduce a Fantasy-class ship, which holds about 2,050 passengers, sometime next year, after a new ship is added elsewhere. Mobile's new ship would likely make seven-day cruises, instead of the Holiday's four- and five-day cruises, St. Clair said. At two people per cabin, the Holiday is rated to hold 1,452, but routinely sails with more passengers.

 

 

Airports

·         The Mobile Airport Authority manages Brookley Field and the Mobile Regional Airport.  Its current director is Bay Haas.

Brookley Field Industrial Complex / Mobile Downtown Airport

·         In 1929, the city bought the property, creating Bates Field, the original Mobile Municipal Airport.

·         In 1938, the US Army Air Corp bought the airport property and built Brookley Field, employing 17,000 Mobilians during World War II.

o   In 1940, the War Department named the base after Capt. Wendell H. Brookley, a test pilot who had died in a plane crash

·         The Air Force announced a phase-out of the base in 1964. The city of Mobile took control of the Brookley Airfield in 1969.

·         In 2004 the authority adopted an overall Brookley makeover plan, which calls for better infrastructure.

·         In 2007, EADS built an Engineering Center of Excellence at Brookley, and selected it for its site of production of the A330 aerial re-fueling tankers.

·         Much of the 7,800-foot 18-36 north-south runway would disappear under the planned aircraft plants for EADS/Northrop Grumman.

o   While the overall effects to airport traffic is expected to be minimal, the Coast Guard and other military users could have to make changes in their training operations. The Coast Guard Aviation Training Center at Mobile Regional Airport uses Brookley to practice emergency landings.

o   The strip was once closed, but was reopened about 10 years ago after the authority won money to rehabilitate it.

o   Brookley has about 89,000 takeoffs and landings per year. Brookley can handle 220,000 takeoffs and landings without serious delays. That would only fall to 211,000 with one runway. The FAA's forecast calls for the number of operations at Brookley to rise to 100,000 over the long term. – PR 5/25/08

·         The Mobile Aviation Center, a two-year college arm, teaches aircraft maintanence and construction certification courses at Brookley

·         Brookley Schematic (PR)

 

Highways

·         1957 I-10 is built.

·         The I-65 link across Mobile-Tensaw Delta was completed in 1982

·         I-165 opened in 1994. I-210 was planned as a bypass of Mobile, but it was never completed. Many problems, including community opposition and access to the Mobile waterfront, prevented the freeway from reaching its intended southern terminus at I-10; I-165 ends about 500 yards short of I-10. Since the road had no connection to I-10, the number 210 was no longer applicable to the freeway, so 165 was chosen instead. Its construction resulted in the demolition of many structures within downtown Prichard, including such landmarks as the main public library and fire station.

·         The Bankhead Tunnel crosses the Mobile River for U.S. Route 90 and U.S. Route 98. It is named for William Brockman Bankhead, an Alabama politician and Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (Democrat) from 1936 to 1940. The Tunnel was built at the ADDSCO Shipyards. It was constructed in sections, and floated into position, then sunk into place, joined underwater, and when completed in 1941 the water was pumped out. Only passenger cars and pickup trucks are allowed to travel through the tunnel Large trucks are routed over the Cochrane-AfricaTown Bridge to the north or the George Wallace Tunnel on Interstate 10. The eastern end of the Bankhead Tunnel has a large "flood door" that can be closed to prevent the waters from Mobile Bay from flooding it during hurricane storm surges. The tunnel was a location for a scene in director Steven Spielberg's film Close Encounters of the Third Kind; Roy Neary (Richard Dreyfuss) drives through it as he chases UFOs.

·         The George Wallace Tunnel is a tunnel along I-10 that crosses beneath the Mobile River. It (like the smaller Bankhead Tunnel just upriver from it) was constructed at the ADDSCO Shipyards. It and the I-10 Bayway were completed in 1973

·         The Cochrane-Africatown USA Bridge carries US 90 and Truck Route US 98 across the Mobile River. It is the only cable-stayed bridge in the state of Alabama. The bridge was damaged on August 29, 2005 when an oil platform, the PSS Chermul, broke free from drydock and was wedged under the bridge by Hurricane Katrina. It was named after John T. Cochrane, Sr.

 

Railroads

·         Five Class 1 railroads serve Mobile: Burlington Northern Santa Fe/Alabama & Gulf Coast Railroad, Canadian National, CSX, Kansas City Southern and the Norfolk Southern

o   CSX provides through service to Pascagoula, MS and has the largest operation in Mobile.

·         Hurricane Katrina in 2005 damaged the CSX rail lines used by the Sunset Limited, which ran from California to Florida. Those lines have since been repaired, but the Amtrak’s Sunset Limited route east of New Orleans has never been restored.

 

Waterways

·         The Tenn-Tom and Intracoastal Waterways access the Port of Mobile

 

Infrastructure Projects

·         The new U.S. 98 project, unveiled in 2002 and estimated to cost $75 million, is being done in three parts: - PR 11/29/06

o   The Montgomery-based firm W.S. Newell is doing the first stage, a $21 million project to clear the path and build necessary drainage and bridges from the Mississippi-Alabama state line to Glenwood Drive, located just east of Big Creek Lake.

o   The Alabama Department of Transportation will bid out the $34 million second phase of the project, to clear and pave the section of the road that will run east from Glenwood to Schillinger Road.

o   The final stage, priced at $17 million, is to pave the portion that's being cleared now.

o   The project should be finished by 2009, in time to connect with an extension of Alabama 158 that is being extended and widened westward from Saraland. The two projects will combine to make an expressway from Mississippi that will go to Interstate 65 without going through Mobile.

o   The Alabama Department of Transportation's said the new U.S. 98 will take at least 10,000 cars a day -- off Moffett. A highway department transportation plan says the new U.S. 98 is expected to carry more than 27,000 cars a day by 2030.

o   The construction’s runoff has endangered the water quality in Big Creek Lakesee here.

I-10 Wallace Tunnel Bypass

·         I-10 Bridge Options Map

·         A bypass of I-10 around the Wallace Tunnel has been planned. – PR 12/31/06

·         In 2005, the highway department estimated that a new bridge would cost between $603 million and $660 million, depending on which route was chosen. Those figures also include the cost of widening the Bayway. Now the estimate is closer to $700 million

·         The three principle proposals include a bridge over the Mobile River through downtown Mobile

o   State docks officials and the Mobile Area Chamber of Commerce have asked the state Department of Transportation to eliminate the southernmost of the three proposed routes, which would affect operations at Atlantic Marine Holding Co. and Bender Shipbuilding, and hasten the process of making its final choice. – PR 6/25/08

o   State highway department officials will ask the federal government to consider a fourth option - the "northern route," would run along Interstates 65 and 165, Bay Bridge Road in Prichard, the Cochrane-Africatown USA bridge and the Causeway. Bay Bridge Road and the Causeway would be improved to highway-grade thoroughfares, and I-65 would be widened to accommodate the extra traffic. The highway department eliminated the northern route from consideration more than two years ago, saying it wouldn't divert enough traffic away from the tunnel. The northern route would cost $973 million.  – PR 11/16/07

o   The Federal Highway Administration still has to agree to allow the northern route to be included in the draft environmental impact statement for the project. The inclusion of the northern route will probably mean the impact statement will take another year or two to complete. After it's finished, the highway department will hold several public hearings before deciding which route to choose. After a preferred route is selected, more studies must be done. And the state does not have funding for the project.

·         The increasingly organized debate over whether and where to build a bridge shows how interest groups are becoming entrenched ahead of the release of an environmental impact statement on the bridge by the Alabama Department of Transportation.

o   Local maritime interests and shipyards have organized a lobbying group called Keep Mobile Moving and have hired a traffic consultant to help push their fight against an Interstate 10 bridge over the Mobile River.

·         The new-bridge routes could cost shipyards anywhere from $40 million to $250 million a year in lost business, a highway department study released earlier this year indicated. Some of those routes could put shipyards out of business by placing pilings in the middle of their dry docks, while any route would have restricted taller ships and oil rigs from traveling under it, the report said.

o   The Transportation Coalition, led by business, real estate and construction interests, argues that a bridge is vital to economic growth, and that it's important for the Mobile area to work with highway officials to increase the share of roadbuilding money being spent in southwest Alabama.

 

Public Transit

·         The Wave Transit System is Mobile’s public transit system

o   It is managed by McDonald Transit Associates

o   Wave system map 2005

o   Wave Transit System website

o   Moda is the downtown trolley (now natural gas shuttle) – Teske, Lagniappe 7/14/09Moda Map

 

 

Revised 8/17/08

Text Copyright 2008

 

Disclaimer: These Notes are not original.  They are complied from various sources, primarily the Press-Register (PR), Mobile Bay Times (MBT), Lagniappe, The Harbinger, and websites.  Citations are being added retrospectively. These Notes are for personal, educational use only. Address all comments and corrections to: admin@flotte2.com

 

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